Annona squamosa L.: A promising herbal remedy - Insights into its biological activities and phytochemical composition

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

Abstract

Annonaceae is a large, prominent family within the Magnoliales order, containing many genera. Among these, the genus Annona holds significance for its substantial diversity and traditional medicinal value. Annona squamosa L. is one of the most common species of this genus. This tropical species, commonly known as the sugar apple, exhibits distinct morphological features. Phytochemical investigations of A. squamosa revealed the presence of acetogenins, alkaloids, diterpenes, and cyclopeptides in various plant parts. Acetogenins, found mainly in seeds and representing the major active constituents, possess distinctive structures and biological activities. Alkaloids, predominantly isolated from leaves, represent the second major class of A. squamosa active constituents. A. squamosa exhibits a wide array of pharmacological activities encompassing anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiviral, immunomodulatory, and wound-healing properties. This comprehensive review highlights the botanical characteristics, phytochemical composition, and diverse pharmacological activities of A. squamosa and aims to be a guide for further research on A. squamosa.

Highlights

  • The review mentioned the recently isolated compounds from squamosa.
  • The chemistry and biological activities of some isolated compounds were reviewed.
  • The activities of squamosa total extracts from different parts were highlighted.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Salmerón-Manzano E, Garrido-Cardenas JA, Manzano-Agugliaro F. Worldwide research trends on medicinal plants. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020;17(10):3376.
  2. Pešić M, Stanković S. Development of natural product drugs in a sustainable manner. Brief for United Nations Global Sustainable Development Report. 2015.
  3. Bauer A, Brönstrup M. Industrial natural product chemistry for drug discovery and development. Natural product reports. 2014;31(1):35-60.
  4. Tsabang N, Fokou PVT, Tchokouaha LRY, Noguem B, Bakarnga-Via I, Nguepi MSD, et al. Ethnopharmacological survey of Annonaceae medicinal plants used to treat malaria in four areas of Cameroon. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2012;139(1):171-80.
  5. Aminimoghadamfarouj N, Nematollahi A, Wiart C. Annonaceae: bio-resource for tomorrow's drug discovery. Journal of Asian natural products research. 2011;13(05):465-76.
  6. Couvreur TL, Pirie MD, Chatrou LW, Saunders RM, Su YC, Richardson JE, et al. Early evolutionary history of the flowering plant family Annonaceae: steady diversification and boreotropical geodispersal. Journal of Biogeography. 2011;38(4):664-80.
  7. Couvreur TL, Helmstetter AJ, Koenen EJ, Bethune K, Brandão RD, Little SA, et al. Phylogenomics of the major tropical plant family Annonaceae using targeted enrichment of nuclear genes. Frontiers in plant science. 2019;9:1941.
  8. Badrie N, Schauss AG. Soursop (Annona muricata L.): composition, nutritional value, medicinal uses, and toxicology. Bioactive foods in promoting health: Elsevier; 2010. p. 621-43.
  9. Dahiya R, Dahiya S. Natural bioeffective cyclooligopeptides from plant seeds of Annona genus. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2021:113221.
  10. Pinto AdQ, Cordeiro MCR, De Andrade S, Ferreira FR, Filgueiras HdC, Alves R, et al. Annona species. Embrapa Cerrados-Livro científico (ALICE). 2005.
  11. Morton JF. Fruits of warm climates: JF Morton; 1987.
  12. Vyas K, Manda H, Sharma RK, Singhal G. An update review on Annona Squamosa. IJPT. 2012;3(2):107-18.
  13. Quílez AM, Fernández-Arche MA, García-Giménez MD, De la Puerta R. Potential therapeutic applications of the genus Annona: Local and traditional uses and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2018;225:244-70.
  14. Ma C-y, Chen Y, Chen J, Li X, Chen Y. A Review on Annona squamosa L.: Phytochemicals and Biological Activities. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2017;45:1-32.
  15. Pellicciari C, Biggiogera M, Pellicciari. Histochemistry of single molecules: Springer; 2017.
  16. Kumar M, Changan S, Tomar M, Prajapati U, Saurabh V, Hasan M, et al. Custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) leaves: Nutritional composition, phytochemical profile, and health-promoting biological activities. Biomolecules. 2021;11(5):614.
  17. Moghadamtousi SZ, Fadaeinasab M, Nikzad S, Mohan G, Ali HM, Kadir HA. Annona muricata (Annonaceae): A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Isolated Acetogenins and Biological Activities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015;16(7):15625-58.
  18. Alali FQ, Liu X-X, McLaughlin JL. Annonaceous Acetogenins:  Recent Progress. Journal of natural products. 1999;62(3):504-40.
  19. Zafra-Polo MC, Figadère B, Gallardo T, Tormo J, Cortes D. Natural acetogenins from Annonaceae, synthesis and mechanisms of action. Phytochemistry. 1998;48(7):1087-117.
  20. Liaw C-C, Liou J-R, Wu T-Y, Chang F-R, Wu Y-C. Acetogenins from annonaceae. Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 101. 2016:113-230.
  21. Dang QL, Kim WK, Nguyen CM, Choi YH, Choi GJ, Jang KS, et al. Nematicidal and Antifungal Activities of Annonaceous Acetogenins from Annona squamosa against Various Plant Pathogens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2011;59(20):11160-7.
  22. Oberlies NH, Jones JL, Corbett TH, Fotopoulos SS, McLAUGHLIN JL. Tumor cell growth inhibition by several Annonaceous acetogenins in an in vitro disk diffusion assay. Cancer letters. 1995;96(1):55-62.
  23. Mukhlesur Rahman M, Parvin S, Ekramul Haque M, Ekramul Islam M, Mosaddik MA. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic constituents from the seeds of Annona squamosa. Fitoterapia. 2005;76(5):484-9.
  24. Pathak J, Patel PK, Suthar R, Shah KR. Identification of Phytochemicals from seed extract of Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L.). Biosci Biotechnol Res Commun. 2021;14:397-402.
  25. Carmen Zafra-Polo M, Figadère B, Gallardo T, Tormo J, Cortes D. Natural acetogenins from annonaceae, synthesis and mechanisms of action. Phytochemistry. 1998;48(7):1087-117.
  26. Miao Y, Xu X, Yuan F, Shi Y, Chen Y, Chen J, et al. Four cytotoxic annonaceous acetogenins from the seeds of Annona squamosa. Natural product research. 2016;30(11):1273-9.
  27. Liaw C-C, Yang Y-L, Chen M, Chang F-R, Chen S-L, Wu S-H, et al. Mono-tetrahydrofuran annonaceous acetogenins from Annona squamosa as cytotoxic agents and calcium ion chelators. Journal of natural products. 2008;71(5):764-71.
  28. Ma C, Wang Q, Shi Y, Li Y, Wang X, Li X, et al. Three new antitumor annonaceous acetogenins from the seeds of Annona squamosa. Natural product research. 2017;31(18):2085-90.
  29. Ma C, Li Y, Lu J, Wang M, Li X, Chen J, et al. Three new cytotoxic annonaceous acetogenins from the seeds of Annona squamosa. Natural Product Research. 2023.
  30. Cheng-Yao M, Jia-Hui L, Xiang L, Xiao L, Jian-Wei C. Eight new cytotoxic annonaceous acetogenins from the seeds of Annona squamosa. Chinese journal of natural medicines. 2019;17(4):291-7.
  31. Miao Y-J, Shi Y-Y, Xu X-F, Chen Y, Chen J-W, Li X. Three cytotoxic Annonaceous acetogenins from the seeds of Annona squamosa. Phytochemistry Letters. 2016;16:92-6.
  32. Bhardwaj R, Pareek S, Sagar N, Vyas N. Bioactive compounds of Annona. Bioactive compounds in underutilized fruits and nuts. 2020:37-62.
  33. Avula B, Bae J-Y, Majrashi T, Wu T-Y, Wang Y-H, Wang M, et al. Targeted and non-targeted analysis of annonaceous alkaloids and acetogenins from Asimina and Annona species using UHPLC-QToF-MS. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 2018;159:548-66.
  34. Shami AM. The effect of alkaloidal fraction from Annona squamosa L. against pathogenic bacteria with antioxidant activities. Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2017;23(4):301-7.
  35. Al-ghazzawi AM. Anti-cancer activity of new benzyl isoquinoline alkaloid from Saudi plant Annona squamosa. BMC Chemistry. 2019;13(1):13.
  36. Vila-Nova NS, Morais SMd, Falcão MJC, Machado LKA, Beviláqua CML, Costa IRS, et al. Leishmanicidal activity and cytotoxicity of compounds from two Annonacea species cultivated in Northeastern Brazil. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. 2011;44:567-71.
  37. Johns T, Windust A, Jurgens TJ, Mansor S, editors. Antimalarial alkaloids isolated from Annona squamosa2011.
  38. Soni VK, Yadav DK, Bano N, Dixit P, Pathak M, Maurya R, et al. N-methyl-6, 7-dimethoxyisoquinolone in Annona squamosa twigs is the major immune modifier to elicit polarized Th1 immune response in BALB/c mice. Fitoterapia. 2012;83(1):110-6.
  39. Yadav DK, Singh N, Dev K, Sharma R, Sahai M, Palit G, et al. Anti-ulcer constituents of Annona squamosa twigs. Fitoterapia. 2011;82(4):666-75.
  40. Bhakuni DS, Tewari S, Dhar MM. Aporphine alkaloids of annona squamosa. Phytochemistry. 1972;11(5):1819-22.
  41. Johns T, Windust A, Jurgens T, Mansor SM. Antimalarial alkaloids isolated from Annona squamosa. Phytopharmacology. 2011;1(3):49-53.
  42. Jayendra, Kumar Y, Kumar SS. Two new tetrahydroisoquinoline analogs from Indian medicinal plant Annona squamosa. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2013;7(6):510-5.
  43. Al-Ghazzawi AM. Anti-cancer activity of new benzyl isoquinoline alkaloid from Saudi plant Annona squamosa. BMC chemistry. 2019;13(1):1-6.
  44. Zhou CX, Sun LR, Feng F, Mo JX, Zhu H, Yang B, et al. Cytotoxic Diterpenoids from the Stem Bark of Annona squamosa L. Helvetica Chimica Acta. 2013;96(4):656-62.
  45. Joy B, Remani P. Antitumor constituents from Annona squamosa fruit pericarp. Medicinal Chemistry Research. 2008;17(2):345-55.
  46. Chen Y-y, Cao Y-z, Li F-q, Zhu X-l, Peng C-x, Lu J-h, et al. Studies on anti-hepatoma activity of Annona squamosa L. pericarp extract. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2017;27(9):1907-10.
  47. Wu Y-C, Hung Y-C, Chang F-R, Cosentino M, Wang H-K, Lee K-H. Identification of ent-16β,17-Dihydroxykauran-19-oic Acid as an Anti-HIV Principle and Isolation of the New Diterpenoids Annosquamosins A and B from Annona squamosa. Journal of natural products. 1996;59(6):635-7.
  48. Yang Y-L, Chang F-R, Wu C-C, Wang W-Y, Wu Y-C. New E Nt-Kaurane Diterpenoids with Anti-Platelet Aggregation Activity from Annona s Quamosa. Journal of natural products. 2002;65(10):1462-7.
  49. Sun L, Zhu H, Gan L, Mo J, Feng F, Zhou C. Constituents from the bark of Annona squamosa and their anti-tumor activity. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi= Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi= China journal of Chinese materia medica. 2012;37(14):2100-4.
  50. Yang Y-L, Chang F-R, Hwang T-L, Chang W-T, Wu Y-C. Inhibitory effects of ent-kauranes from the stems of Annona squamosa on superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils. Planta medica. 2004;70(03):256-8.
  51. Joo SH. Cyclic peptides as therapeutic agents and biochemical tools. Biomolecules & therapeutics. 2012;20(1):19-26.
  52. Wu P, Wu M, Xu L, Xie H, Wei X. Anti-inflammatory cyclopeptides from exocarps of sugar-apples. Food chemistry. 2014;152:23-8.
  53. Yang Y-L, Hua K-F, Chuang P-H, Wu S-H, Wu K-Y, Chang F-R, et al. New cyclic peptides from the seeds of Annona squamosa L. and their anti-inflammatory activities. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2008;56(2):386-92.
  54. Dellai A, Maricic I, Kumar V, Arutyunyan S, Bouraoui A, Nefzi A. Parallel synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of cyclic peptides cyclosquamosin D and Met-cherimolacyclopeptide B and their analogs. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters. 2010;20(19):5653-7.
  55. Morita H, Iizuka T, Choo C-Y, Chan K-L, Takeya K, Kobayashi Ji. Vasorelaxant activity of cyclic peptide, cyclosquamosin B, from Annona squamosa. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters. 2006;16(17):4609-11.
  56. Li C-M, Tan N-H, Mu Q, Zheng H-L, Hao X-J, Wu Y, et al. Cyclopeptide from the seeds of Annona squamosa. Phytochemistry. 1997;45(3):521-3.
  57. Morita H, Sato Y, Kobayashi Ji. Cyclosquamosins A–G, cyclic peptides from the seeds of Annona squamosa. Tetrahedron. 1999;55(24):7509-18.
  58. Costa E, Meira C, Guimaraes E, Macedo T, Silva T, Menezes L, et al. Chemical composition of essential oils from Annona vepretorum Mart. and Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae) leaves and their antimalarial and trypanocidal activities. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 2015;27.
  59. Chen Y-Y, Peng C-X, Hu Y, Bu C, Guo S-C, Li X, et al. Studies on chemical constituents and anti-hepatoma effects of essential oil from Annona squamosa L. pericarps. Natural Product Research. 2017;31(11):1305-8.
  60. Chavan MJ, Shinde DB, Nirmal SA. Major volatile constituents of Annona squamosa L. bark. Natural Product Research. 2006;20(8):754-7.
  61. Chavan M, Wakte P, Shinde D. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Caryophyllene oxide from Annona squamosa L. bark. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(2):149-51.
  62. Andrade EHA, Maria das Graças BZ, Maia JGS, Fabricius H, Marx F. Chemical characterization of the fruit of Annona squamosa L. occurring in the Amazon. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2001;14(2):227-32.
  63. Chavan M, Shinde D, Nirmal S. Major volatile constituents of Annona squamosa L. bark. Natural product research. 2006;20(8):754-7.
  64. Verma R, Joshi N, Padalia R, Singh V, Goswami P. Characterization of the leaf essential oil composition of Annona squamosa L. from foothills of north India. Med Aromat Plants (Los Angel). 2016;5(270):2167-0412.1000270.
  65. Oo WM, Khine MM. Pharmacological Activities of Annona squamosa: Updated. Chemistry. 2017;3(6):86-93.
  66. Pardhasaradhi B, Reddy M, Ali AM, Kumari AL, Khar A. Differential cytotoxic effects ofAnnona squamosa seed extracts on human tumour cell lines: role of reactive oxygen species and glutathione. Journal of biosciences. 2005;30(2):237-44.
  67. Pardhasaradhi B, Reddy M, Ali AM, Kumari AL, Khar A. Antitumour activity of Annona squamosa seed extracts is through the generation of free radicals and induction of apoptosis. 2004.
  68. Pardhasaradhi BVV, Reddy M, Ali AM, Kumari AL, Khar A. Differential cytotoxic effects ofAnnona squamosa seed extracts on human tumour cell lines: Role of reactive oxygen species and glutathione. Journal of Biosciences. 2005;30(2):237-44.
  69. Chen Y, Xu S-s, Chen J-w, Wang Y, Xu H-q, Fan N-b, et al. Anti-tumor activity of Annona squamosa seeds extract containing annonaceous acetogenin compounds. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2012;142(2):462-6.
  70. Nakano D, Ishitsuka K, Kamikawa M, Matsuda M, Tsuchihashi R, Okawa M, et al. Screening of promising chemotherapeutic candidates from plants against human adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (III). Journal of natural medicines. 2013;67(4):894-903.
  71. Wang D-S, Rizwani GH, Guo H, Ahmed M, Ahmed M, Hassan SZ, et al. Annona squamosa Linn: cytotoxic activity found in leaf extract against human tumor cell lines. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2014;27(5):1559-63.
  72. Al-Nemari R, Bacha AB, Al-Senaidy A, Almutairi MH, Arafah M, Al-Saran H, et al. Cytotoxic effects of Annona squamosa leaves against breast cancer cells via apoptotic signaling proteins. Journal of King Saud University - Science. 2022;34(4):102013.
  73. Awada N, Ayoub A, Jaber A, Ibrahim F, El Ghotmi N, Cheble E. Evaluation of the Anticancer, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Properties of Various Extracts of Annona squamosa L.. Pharm Sci. 2023;29(3):384-94.
  74. Nguyen TT, Tran PNT, Phan HT. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect of fruit peel extracts of Annona squamosa L. on mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences. 2021;11(2):e2075-e.
  75. Ibrahim RY, Hassan AI, Al-Adham EK. The anti-ulcerative colitis effects of Annona squamosa Linn. leaf aqueous extract in experimental animal model. International journal of clinical and experimental medicine. 2015;8(11):21861.
  76. Singh DP, Mishra B, Mishra R. Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of Annona squamosa L. leaf extract in mice and rats. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2012;4(3):182-5.
  77. Bhoir SS, Vishwapathi V, Singh KK. Antipsoriatic potential of Annona squamosa seed oil: An in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Phytomedicine. 2019;54:265-77.
  78. Kalidindi N, Thimmaiah NV, Jagadeesh NV, Nandeep R, Swetha S, Kalidindi B. Antifungal and antioxidant activities of organic and aqueous extracts of Annona squamosa Linn. leaves. Journal of food and drug analysis. 2015;23(4):795-802.
  79. Shirwaikar A, Rajendran K, Kumar CD. In vitro antioxidant studies of Annona squamosa Linn. leaves. 2004.
  80. Gupta RK, Kesari AN, Diwakar S, Tyagi A, Tandon V, Chandra R, et al. In vivo evaluation of anti-oxidant and anti-lipidimic potential of Annona squamosa aqueous extract in Type 2 diabetic models. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008;118(1):21-5.
  81. Tu W, Zhu J, Bi S, Chen D, Song L, Wang L, et al. Isolation, characterization and bioactivities of a new polysaccharide from Annona squamosa and its sulfated derivative. Carbohydrate polymers. 2016;152:287-96.
  82. Luzia DMM, Jorge N. Soursop (Annona muricata L.) and sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.): Antioxidant activity, fatty acids profile and determination of tocopherols. Nutrition & Food Science. 2012.
  83. Sangala R, Kodati D, Burra S, Gopu J, Dubasi A. Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of Annona squamosa Linn Seed in alloxan–induced diabetic rats. Diabetes. 2011;2(1):100-6.
  84. Tripathi YB. Insulin secreting and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of hexane extract of Annona squamosa Linn. in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. 2014.
  85. Gupta RK, Kesari AN, Watal G, Murthy P, Chandra R, Tandon V. Nutritional and hypoglycemic effect of fruit pulp of Annona squamosa in normal healthy and alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Annals of nutrition and Metabolism. 2005;49(6):407-13.
  86. Shirwaikar A, Rajendran K, Kumar C. Oral Antidiabetic Activity of Annona squamosa Leaf Alcohol Extract in NIDDM Rats. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2004;42(1):30-5.
  87. Davis JA, Sharma S, Mittra S, Sujatha S, Kanaujia A, Shukla G, et al. Antihyperglycemic effect of Annona squamosa hexane extract in type 2 diabetes animal model: PTP1B inhibition, a possible mechanism of action? Indian J Pharmacol. 2012;44(3):326-32.
  88. Ren Y-y, Zhu Z-Y, Sun H-q, Chen L-J. Structural characterization and inhibition on α-glucosidase activity of acidic polysaccharide from Annona squamosa. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2017;174:1-12.
  89. Kaur R, Afzal M, Kazmi I, Ahamd I, Ahmed Z, Ali B, et al. Polypharmacy (herbal and synthetic drug combination): a novel approach in the treatment of type-2 diabetes and its complications in rats. Journal of Natural Medicines. 2013;67(3):662-71.
  90. Pinto NCC, Silva JB, Menegati LM, Guedes M, Marques LB, Silva TPD, et al. Cytotoxicity and bacterial membrane destabilization induced by Annona squamosa L. extracts. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2017;89(3 Suppl):2053-73.
  91. Ali SH, Jafar ZJ. Comparison of Antibacterial Efficacy of Annona Squamosa Mouthwash with Chlorhexidine for Children. J Res Med Dent Sci. 2022;10:87-94.
  92. Aher P, Shinde Y, Chavan P. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial potential of Annona squamosa L. against pathogenic bacteria. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2012;3(5):1457-60.
  93. Altaee MF, Younis R, Kamona Z. ACTIVITY OF Annona Squamosa PEELS EXTRACTS AGAINST TWO PATHOGENIC BACTERIA AND TWO BLOOD CANCER CELL LINES. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2020;51(6).
  94. Mehta SD, Paliwal S. Hepatoprotective activity of hydroalcohilic extract of Annona squamosa seeds. Int J Pharm Phyto Res. 2017;9:997-1000.
  95. Raj DS, Vennila JJ, Aiyavu C, Panneerselvam K. The hepatoprotective effect of alcoholic extract of Annona squamosa leaves on experimentally induced liver injury in Swiss albino mice. International Journal of Integrative Biology. 2009;5(3):182-6.
  96. Ponrasu T, Suguna L. Efficacy of Annona squamosa L in the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and collagen during wound repair in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. BioMed research international. 2014;2014.
  97. Ponrasu T, Suguna L. Efficacy of Annona squamosa on wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. International wound journal. 2012;9(6):613-23.
  98. Swantara MD, Rita WS, Dira MA, Agustina KK. Cervical anticancer activities of Annona squamosa Linn. leaf isolate. Veterinary World. 2022;15(1):124.
  99. Mohamad EA, Abdellatif KK, Maihop DI, Abdelmonaem DM, Bahaa-aldine F, Abdelkhaliq AE. Antitumor efficacy of Annona squamosa loaded niosomes. BioNanoScience. 2023;13(4):2225-31.
  100. Mokhtar FA, Selim NM, Elhawary SS, Abd El Hadi SR, Hetta MH, Albalawi MA, et al. Green Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Annona glabra and Annona squamosa Extracts with Antimicrobial, Anticancer, Apoptosis Potentials, Assisted by In Silico Modeling, and Metabolic Profiling. Pharmaceuticals. 2022;15(11):1354.
  101. Malik M, Iqbal MA, Malik M, Raza MA, Shahid W, Choi JR, et al. Biosynthesis and Characterizations of Silver Nanoparticles from Annona squamosa Leaf and Fruit Extracts for Size-Dependent Biomedical Applications. Nanomaterials. 2022;12(4):616.
  102. Ansari P, Hannan JMA, Seidel V, Abdel-Wahab YHA. Polyphenol-Rich Leaf of Annona squamosa Stimulates Insulin Release from BRIN-BD11 Cells and Isolated Mouse Islets, Reduces (CH2O)n Digestion and Absorption, and Improves Glucose Tolerance and GLP-1 (7-36) Levels in High-Fat-Fed Rats. Metabolites. 2022;12(10):995.
  103. Alkhalidy H, Al-Nabulsi A, Mhawish R, Liu D. Low-dose of phenolic rich extract from Annona squamosa Linn leaves ameliorates insulin sensitivity and reduces body weight gain in HF diet-induced obesity. Front Nutr. 2023;10.
  104. Ponce-Sánchez C, Oidor-Chan VH, Álvarez-Ramírez EL, Gómez-Cansino R, Zarza-García AL, Gómez-Olivares JL, et al. Chemical profile and study of the antidiabetic effect of Annona squamosa L. peel. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2023:1-11.

 

 

 

Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences
Volume 1, Issue 1
January 2024
Pages 82-99

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics